Tilia cordata Mill. - Accepted: Tilia cordata Mill. bei Zander 2008; Familie: Tiliaceae (Zander 2008)
Tilia cordata Mill. - Accepted: Tilia cordata Mill. bei The Plant List (2010); Familie: Malvaceae (APG III)
Tilia parvifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffm. - Synonym: Tilia cordata Mill. bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Malvaceae (APG III)
Tilia cordata Mill. - Accepted: Tilia cordata Mill. bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Malvaceae (APG III)
Tilia cordata Mill. - Accepted: Tilia cordata Mill. bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Malvaceae (APG IV)
Tilia cordata Mill. - Accepted: Tilia cordata Mill. bei Schmeil-Fitschen 2019; Familie: Malvaceae (APG IV)
Tilia cordata Mill. - Accepted: Tilia cordata Mill. bei BfN Checklist Flora DE; Familie: Malvaceae (APG IV)

Color of flower

whitish green

Flowers

hermaphrodite flowers

Flower ecology

insect-pollinated (honeybees)

Life form

woody, tree

Leaves

upper leaf side glabrous

Foliage persistence

deciduous

Fruit ecology

wind-dispersed (anemochorous)

Soil conditions

preferentially on fresh to moderately dry, alkaline, neutral to slightly acidic, humus-rich, mostly deep, sandy or stony loam, loess or clay soils

Light conditions

semi-shade to shade plant (Oberdorfer 2001)

Root type

top soil and deep rooting plant

Succession type

soil stabiliser

Natural occurrence (habitat)

thermophilous mixed deciduous forests, oak-hornbeam forests, oak-ash forests, mixed ravine and slope forests, maple slope forests, montane forests; at summer warm climate sites

Vegetation typ and synecology (plant community)

temperate, mixed mesophytic deciduous forests; Carpinion character species, also member of Tilio-Acerion, Quercion roboris or Alno-Ulmion

Constraints according soil conditions

sensitive to salt

Constraints according moisture

not drought resistant

General recommendation

recommended for beekeeping

Usage

as ornamental tree; wood can be used for making small furniture and tool handles; used as medicinal plant: has sedative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and diuretic properties

Phytopathogenic organisms

is sensitive to the fungal pathogen Phytophthora plurivora

Altidudinal lower limit (sea level in m)

0

Altitudinal higher limit (sea level in m)

1,600

Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (1999-2001 and ongoing): Floraweb - Daten und Informationen zu Wildpflanzen und zur Vegetation Deutschlands. www.floraweb.de.;

Erhardt, W., Götz, E., Bödeker, N. & Seybold, S. (2008): Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. Band 2. Arten und Sorten. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart (Hohenheim), 18. Aufl., 2103 S.;

European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (2009): EUFORGEN. See: http://www.euforgen.org;

Haider, M. et al. (2005): Wildbienenkataster. See: https://www.wildbienen-kataster.de;

Hishinuma, S. M. et al. (2015): Wingnut (Juglandaceae) as a new generic host for Pityophthorus juglandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the thousand cankers disease pathogen, Geosmithia morbida (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Canadian Entomologist, 148(1): 83-91.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.37;

Oberdorfer, E. (2001): Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 8., stark überarb. u. erg. Aufl, 1056 S. 978-3-8001-3131-0.;

Schick, B. & Spürgin, A. (1997): Die Bienenweide. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Auflage: 4., völlig neubearb. u. erw. A., 216 S. 978-3800174188.;

The International Plant Names Index (2009). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org; Courtesy to IPNI, 2009. Exported from IPNI at date: 2009-09-22 20:17:51;

Westrich, P. et al. (2018): Die Wildbienen Deutschlands.. Ulmer Verlag ISBN 978-8186-0123-2.;