Salix caprea L. - Accepted: Salix caprea L. bei Zander 2008; Familie: Salicaceae (Zander 2008)
Salix caprea L. - Accepted: Salix caprea L. bei The Plant List (2010); Familie: Salicaceae (APG III)
Salix caprea L. - Accepted: Salix caprea L. bei Schmeil-Fitschen 2019; Familie: Salicaceae (APG IV)
Salix caprea L. - Accepted: Salix caprea L. bei BfN Checklist Flora DE; Familie: Salicaceae (APG IV)

Flowers

dioecious; male and female flowers in furry catkins

Flower ecology

insect-pollinated (entomophilous) (honey bees, butterflies)

Life form

woody, tree

Foliage persistence

deciduous

Fruits

capsule fruit

Fruit ecology

wind-dispersed (anemochorous)

Soil conditions

on mesic to moist, nutrient-rich, neutral to moderately acid, disturbed (stony, sandy, or pure) loam soils

Light conditions

full sun plant

Light conditions symbols

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Succession type

fast growing and light demanding pioneer species of forests

Natural occurrence (habitat)

pollarded and detrital woodlands, forests edges, gravel pits, quarries, disturbed areas

Comment to ecology

important nectar and pollen source for insects and birds at the beginning of the year, early beekeeping

Vegetation typ and synecology (plant community)

boreal forests and temperate, mesophytic broad-leaved and mixed forests; commonly occurring with Betula pendula, characteristic species of the Epilobio-Salicetum capreae (community Sambuco-Salicion capreae)

Constraints according soil conditions

not salt tolerant

Usage

foliage was used for livestock fodder; wood is suitable for tanning; tough and flexible bark is used as a leather substitute; stems are used in basket making; different parts of the tree are medically used: as an anodyne and febrifuge (due to salicin and salicyl acid, respectively), externally in the treatment of headaches and ophthalmia, and as aphrodisiac, cordial and stimulant

Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (1999-2001 and ongoing): Floraweb - Daten und Informationen zu Wildpflanzen und zur Vegetation Deutschlands. www.floraweb.de.;

Haider, M. et al. (2005): Wildbienenkataster. See: https://www.wildbienen-kataster.de;

Kew Gardens and Collaborators (2017): Plants of the World Online. see: plantsoftheworldonline.org.;

Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und Forsten, Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.) (1985): Pflanzenkatalog zur Verbesserung der Bienenweide und des Artenreichtums (Kurztitel: Bienenweidekatalog);

Oberdorfer, E. (2001): Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 8., stark überarb. u. erg. Aufl, 1056 S. 978-3-8001-3131-0.;

The International Plant Names Index (2009). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org; Courtesy to IPNI, 2009. Exported from IPNI at date: 2009-09-22 20:17:51;

Westrich, P. et al. (2018): Die Wildbienen Deutschlands.. Ulmer Verlag ISBN 978-8186-0123-2.;