Betula utilis D. Don var. utilis - Accepted: Betula utilis D. Don var. utilis bei Zander 2008; Familie: Betulaceae (Zander 2008)
Betula utilis D. Don var. utilis - Accepted: Betula utilis D. Don var. utilis bei The Plant List (2010); Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)
Betula utilis D. Don var. utilis - Synonym: Betula utilis D. Don bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)
Betula utilis D. Don - Accepted: Betula utilis D. Don bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)

Flowers

monoecious

Flower ecology

wind-pollinated (anemophilous)

Life form

tree

Leaves

ovate-elliptic; margin irregularly and doubly serrate; lower surface (abaxially) bearded in axils of lateral veins; petiole 0.8-2 cm long

Foliage persistence

deciduous

Fruits

nut fruit with membranous wings (samara)

Soil conditions

on unstable, snow pressured soils

Natural occurrence (habitat)

mixed forests; north-facing, shady slopes

Vegetation typ and synecology (plant community)

temperate high altitude forests; in association with broad-leaved trees (oak, alder) and coniferous trees (fir, pine)

Usage

the hard and stable wood is used for building bridges; bark is medicinally used having carminative and antiseptic properties, as well as for healing of cuts, wounds and burns; outer bark is used for paper and can serve for waterproofing; mainly used for fuel

Bark

dark red-brown, exfoliating in thin flakes

Altidudinal lower limit (sea level in m)

2,500

Altitudinal higher limit (sea level in m)

4,500

eFloras (2008): Flora of China. Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org.;

Elvin, M. & Liu, C. (1998): Man's Impact on the Vegetation and Landscape in the inner Himalaya and Tibet. In: Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History. Illustrierte Neuauflage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: p. 65. 9780521563819.;

Erhardt, W., Götz, E., Bödeker, N. & Seybold, S. (2008): Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. Band 2. Arten und Sorten. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart (Hohenheim), 18. Aufl., 2103 S.;

Plants for a Future (1996-2012): PFAF. See: https://pfaf.org/;

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org;