Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera - Accepted: Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera bei Zander 2008; Familie: Betulaceae (Zander 2008)
Betula papyrifera Marshall - Accepted: Betula papyrifera Marshall bei The Plant List (2010); Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)
Betula papyrifera Marshall - Accepted: Betula papyrifera Marshall bei Zander 2008; Familie: Betulaceae (Zander 2008)
Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera - Accepted: Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera bei The Plant List (2010); Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)
Betula papyrifera Marshall - Accepted: Betula papyrifera Marshall bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)
Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera - Synonym: Betula papyrifera Marshall bei The Plant List (2014), version 1.1; Familie: Betulaceae (APG III)

Flowers

monoecious flowers; male and female flowers in catkins

Flower ecology

wind-pollinated (anemophilous)

Life form

tree

Foliage persistence

deciduous

Fruits

winged nut fruit (samara)

Fruit ecology

wind-dispersed (anemochorous)

Soil conditions

preferentially on deep, well-drained to moderately well-drained, sandy or silty soils

Natural occurrence (habitat)

coniferous forests, boreal spruce forests, Red spruce*-balsam fir** forests, deciduous forests, mixed forests, montane and subalpine forests, rock slides, borders of bogs and swamps, muskegs * Picea rubens; ** Abies balsamifera

Vegetation typ and synecology (plant community)

temperate, mixed deciduous/coniferous forests and boreal forests unto subpolar tundra (northern limit of tree growth)

Constraints according radiation (light)

shade-intolerant

Erhardt, W., Götz, E., Bödeker, N. & Seybold, S. (2008): Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. Band 2. Arten und Sorten. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart (Hohenheim), 18. Aufl., 2103 S.;